Introduction A Catch-22 is a “no-win situation”—a paradox where escaping a problem is impossible because of conflicting rules or conditions. The term itself has become part of everyday language, symbolising life’s frustrating contradictions. Interestingly, it originated not from a dictionary but from the title of Joseph Heller’s groundbreaking 1961 novel Catch-22. Published in the post–World War II yet pre-Vietnam era, Catch-22 reshaped how Americans viewed war. Instead of portraying soldiers as heroic figures, Heller exposed the absurdity, bureaucracy, and psychological toll...